How can CKD progression be slowed?

RAAS inhibition (ACE inhibitors or ARBs) is foundational for proteinuric CKD. SGLT2 inhibitors (dapagliflozin, empagliflozin) provide additional renoprotection regardless of diabetes status. Blood pressure target <130/80 for most patients. Glycemic control (HbA1c <7% typically) in diabetic CKD. Avoid nephrotoxins. Treat metabolic complications (anemia, mineral bone disease, acidosis). Dietary protein moderation. Smoking cessation. Finerenone for diabetic CKD with albuminuria.